Evolution of Man ,technology and environment

The Meaning of Evolution of Man

Explain the meaning of evolution of man

Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism, the ability to walk on two legs evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language developed more recently. Many advanced traits including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.

The Theory of Evolution of Man and the Religious Theory of Creation of Man

Explain the theory of evolution of man and the religious theory of creation of man

The Theory of Evolution of Man

The story of human evolution began in Africa about six million years ago and it describes the very long process that our ancestors went through to ultimately become modern humans. This process has been uncovered by studying fossils and understanding the underlying theory of evolution, and while new fossils are uncovered every decade revealing new chapters, scientists agree about the basic story.

Evolution means the changes that occur in a population over time. In this definition, a “population” means a group of the same species that share a specific location and habitat. Evolutionary changes always occur on the genetic level. In other words, evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation to generation. It does not, for example, describe how people can change their muscle mass by lifting weights.

When successful, these genetic changes or adaptations, which happen when genes mutate and/or combine in different ways during reproduction, help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. Some individuals inherit characteristics that make them more successful at surviving and having babies. These advantageous characteristics tend to appear more frequently in the population (because those individuals with less advantageous characteristics are more likely to die without reproducing), and over time these changes become common throughout that population, ultimately leading to new species.

STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Early man passed through main four stages namely: Modern apes, Australopithecus Africanus, Homo eractus and Homo sapien

1.MODERN APES

• This is the first stage of man's evolution, it is sometimes called pirmates.It consisted of Gorillas and Chimpanzee.

These creatures had the following characteristics:

1. He walked on all four limbs
2. He ate flesh and fruits
3. He had long teeth
4. He used four limbs as arms
5. He hunted and gathered

2.AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS

These creatures are divided into two:

• Zinjathropus
• Homo habilis

Their fossil were first excavated in South Africa and the late fossils of these creatures were discovered at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and they were close to those of modern man. Australopithecus Africanus started 12,000,000 BC when primates changed near to man.

Zinjanthropus

Characteristics of Zinjanthropus were as follows:

1. They had grinding teeth
2. They were short
3. They had low forehead and deep set eyes
4. Their bodies were hairy
5. They had small brain capacity which was a third of a modern man
6. They walked on upright posture
7. They made tools which were simple stone tools which they sometimes used them for protection against other animals

Homo Habilis

The skull of Homo habilis was excavated at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and at Koobi fora near Lake Turkana. Homa habilis means "handy man or with ability or practical man"

Man at this evolution stage had these cultural and physical characteristics:

1. He used his hands to grasp objects
2. He had large brain capacity
3. He made useful tools from stones and sticks
4. He hunted and gathered
5. He resembled man than apes and hence he is regarded as man ancestor
6. He communicated through elementary language and lived in Africa for about one and a half million

3.HOMO ERACTUS

Homo eractus is also reffered as upright man.He was more man than apelike,his remainings were excavated in Ethiopia.

The following were his physical and cultural features

1. He had upright walking posture
2. He was more inteligent than the early man
3. He had higher brain capacity ,1000CC
4. He was able to make stone and bone weapons
5. He painted pictures on the walls of his caves
6. He learnt how to make fire
7. He developed speech
8. He hunted and gathered

4.HOMO SAPIEN

This is the highest stage in the evolution of man.It took place 50,000 BC.Homo sapien means "thinking man".He used advanced tools like chisels.Homo sapien lent to make better tools by use levalois techniques and later developed industry.He existed during the new stone age

The following were the physical and cultural features of man during homo sapien stage:

1. He farmed and keep livestock
2. He caltivated
3. He burnt the dead
4. He settled in villages
5. He began fishing
6. He developed state organization on government
7. He started religion
8. He began simple industry which made beads out of bones and egg shell also pottery, busketry and painting
9. He made better clothes from skin by knitting them with bone needles
10. He built huts made of hatch and mud

WHY EARLY MAN MADE TOOLS AND WEAPONS?

1. For defence against other wild animals
2. For hunting and gathering for example animals and fruits respectively
3. For cultivating especially during the new stone age when he domesticated plants
4. For exchanging with other items
5. Due to curiosity of finding up things

Early Stone Age

The Types of Tools Used during the Old Stone Age

Describe the types of tools used during the old stone age

This lasted from 1.5 millions years up to 750,000 years ago. At this time man was involved in hunting and gathering that is their livelihood depended on collection of fruits, roots, vegetables and meat. The tools made at this time involved chopping tools, pebbles, and hand axes.

The tools made were not very sharp but important for defending themselves against wild animals and digging up plant roots

Some remains of these tools were found in East Africa in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Ologa and Nsongezi Rock shelter in Uganda

The Physical Changes of Man during the Old Stone Age

Describe the physical changes of man during the old stone age

During the Old Stone Age, man had the ability to walk with two limbs though he could not stand upright. Additionally, he also had a hairy body, brain capacity of 650-775cc and a skull similar to that of the modern man but much larger. Generally, man was practical and skilful.

How Man Obtained Food during the Old Stone Age

Explain how man obtained food during the old stone age

At this time man was involved in hunting and gathering that is their livelihood depended on collection of fruits, roots, vegetables and meat

Middle Stone Age

This is recorded from around 750,000 years to 50,000 years ago

During that time tools made were sharper compared to the Early or Old Stone Age.

The Types of Tools used during the Middle Stone Age and their Functions

Describe the types of tools used during the middle stone age and their functions

During the middle stone age, man used smaller and sharper tools than those used during the Old Stone Age. Such tools included spears and knives used for different activities like defense and security as well as in food preparation. During this age, fire was discovered and as a result man started to eat roasted food.

The Physical Changes of Man during the Middle Stone Age

Describe the physical changes of man during the middle stone age

Man experienced physical changes during all the ages. During the middle stone age, man had an upright posture and brain capacity between 775cc and 1225cc. During this age, man was characterized by thick jaws, increased intelligence and skills, as compared to the Old Stone Age.

How Man Obtained Food during the Middle Stone Age

Explain how man obtained food during the middle stone age

In order to fulfill their basic needs humans used stone tools like stone hammers, stone cores, sharp stone flakes that offered useful cutting edges, etc.

The Advantages of the Invention and Uses of Fire

Explain the advantages of the invention and uses of fire

During the Mesolithic revolution, the most important discovery made was the discovery of fire. This discovery had a lot of advantages to man.

1. He used it to cook and therefore soften his food as well as remove poison from vegetables
2. He used it to light the caves where he spent the night
3. He used it to scare and chase wild animals
4. Fire assisted man to clear bushes
5. Man later used fire to harden the pots made of clay

New Stone Age

The Type of Tools Used during the Late Stone Age and their Uses

Describe the type of tools used during the late stone age and their uses

It started from around 50,000 BC up to the first Millennium, while at this stage man used much sharper tools than in Early or Middle Stone Ages.

At this time man started farming and animal keeping. Due to that it was the time when man started to have settlements.

Another development at this time was painting and drawings for example in Caves, evidence of this can be seen in Amboni caves (Tanga), Kondoa (Dodoma) and Irangi (Singida)

The Physical Changes of Man during the Late Stone Age

Describe the physical changes of man during the late stone age

During the late Stone Age, human beings were a direct ancestor of modern man. They had the ability to think as their brain capacity ranged between 1300cc and 1500cc. Also, they had an ability to make and use more advanced tools compared to those made and used by their ancestors. It was in this era that man was more intelligent than their ancestors had slightly thick jaws.

Major Changes in Man's Way of Life during the Late Stone Age

Appraise major changes in man's way of life during the late stone age

At this time surplus food was available, this facilitated the increase of the human population and the emergence of village settlements.

Iron Age

This was the time when man started to make and use iron tools. Iron age in Africa started more on the first millennium in a few societies e.g. in East Africa, while other societies like western Sudan States (Ghana, Mali, Soghai), Axum, Egypt, Nubi, and Meroe for North Africa

How Iron was Discovered

Explain how iron was discovered

Iron was discovered through particular stones which become hot and cool and finally change to a hard matter known as iron. In East Africa, the iron age is believed to have begun around 1000AD. Famous early iron sites were discovered in Engaruka within the rift valley in Northern Tanzania. Other sites include Uvinza, Karagwe, Ugweno, Iteso and western shores of lake Victoria.

The Advantages of using Iron Tools

Appraise the advantages of using iron tools

Iron age helped societies to progress and develop more (that is it had more positive effects than negative effects) some of these effects were:

It created the division of labor in African societies e.g. some started working in local industries. Others became traders and crop producers.

It also increased the production of food crops in Africa. (This was due to the making of more useful farm equipments).

It helped with the formation of permanent settlements to those societies that adopted iron technology (crop producers).

Africa started to develop Economically through activities such as industry, agriculture, mining and trading.

It also led to the expansion of states in Africa (stronger societies started to conquer other states) e.g. the Buganda and Ghana.